Basic Essay Structure

There are different ways for writing essays. Some people prefer standard five-paragraph essays, others think that it is too much of a limitation for the writer; but generally all essays have much in common. Basically every essay is composed of three parts: I. Introduction. II. Body. III. Conclusion. An Introduction familiarizes the reader with the topic and includes General statements and Thesis statement. These statements have to establish the purpose of the paper and provide the reader with a roadmap of the main points of the essay. Body is the most important part of the essay. This part contains numerous topic sentences and evidence for them. It is very important that every key sentence was supported by proper details and proving facts. All the sentences throughout the essay are to be interconnected and the transition between paragraphs and sentences has to be clear and understandable. The writer has to remember that the Body is just the developed introduction and should not include totally new points. Conclusion is a part of an essay where NO new ideas and information has to be exposed. The purpose of it is to restate all the main points in short and to finish with an inference derived from all the points mentioned above.

How Process Has Worked So Well For Me Essay - 1178 Words

Introduction Writing is something that all people have to do some people always use the same methods and others use a different method each time. For me, I use the same method each time, and throughout this paper I will be explaining my process and why that process has worked so well for me. I never knew what my process was fully until I started to write this paper and that is when I started to realize all of the steps that I took when it came to writing a paper. Methods Before starting to write this paper or any paper for that matter. I started to think about what I do before I start writing a paper and how I continue to write that paper. I used the chart that was given to us in class to help map my ideas better, this is what I came up with. The general steps I take are listening to the instructions given, setting up the format for my paper, taking a few days to think (unconsciously) about what my paper should include, opening up my laptop and taking a few hours to just type my heart out, I leave my paper for a day or so and I come back and write the new ideas that I have floating down, I then start to revise. These steps do repeat themselves during certain times in my process. Normally I do not use a sheet to write down my thoughts and steps they just happen but for this paper I took a different approach. The steps I take are always the same and the reasons why I explore down below. Findings and Discussion Before starting a paper of course I have to learn aboutShow MoreRelated Personal Narrative: My Graduate School Thesis Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pagesmasters thesis, ready to jack it under the rear wheels of my car so that I could vent my anger and frustration. Never had I felt this kind of undiluted rage in dealing with a piece of writing. As far as I was concerned, the first draft was complete and therefore the entire piece was finished; however, my thesis advisor didn’t quite agree with me. A less deranged friend of mine talked me out of repeatedly backing over my thesis, and convinced me that it didn’t really matter if I did leave tire marks on itRead MoreWhat Does The Financial Assistance Process?1374 Words   |  6 Pagessessions, observed the Human Resources department, as well as given an assignments to determine a way to improve the financial assistance process. About every other week, our department conducted a team meeting. During the meetings, we would discuss new information, plans and suggestions, as well as issues needing to be addressed. For example, we would discuss the financial assistance process and determine how we could improve or speed up the process. In addition to the team meetings, I was also givenRead MoreNegotiation Reflection1059 Words   |  5 Pagesnone existed before. Because negotiation is such a common problem-solving process, it is in everyone s interest to become familiar with negotiating dynamics and skills. This section is designed to identify what worked well and not well in the negotiation. In addition, to present strategies that generally makes the negotiation more efficient and improvement in the next time. In the previous negotiation, our team worked well in kinds of part during the negotiation. Firstly, BATNA (Best AlternativeRead MoreMy Internship At The University Of Mobile Essay880 Words   |  4 PagesDuring my internship at the University of Mobile, I have grown as a person – not only on a personal level but on a professional level as well. My experience at the University of Mobile went beyond being a regular intern. My fellow co-workers made me part of the overall team – giving me a huge number of responsibilities and allowing me to use my creative skills. I. Organization The University of Mobile began in 1961 as Mobile College then in 1993 changed the name to the University of Mobile. ItRead MoreGraduation Speech : An English Student Here At Chaffey College960 Words   |  4 PagesCollege, I can say Ms. Ford s class was the right fit for me. She warned us early on that her class would not be for everyone; for myself, I can say she has taught me a lot throughout the course of English 475. Her love for teaching shows and has helped me through my journey of earning my â€Å"A† in her class. Every day we learned something new that is what made it important for me to attend class every day. During this time, I have worked extremely hard and devoted adequate time to this course, evenRead MoreStriving For Excellence As An English Student At Chaffey College908 Words   |  4 PagesChaffey College, I can say Ms. Ford s class was the right fit for me. She warned us early on that her class would not be for everyone. For myself, I can say she has taught me allot throughout the course of English 475. Her love for teaching shows and has helped me through my journey of earn my A in her class. Every day we learned something new that s what made it important for me to attend class every day. During this time, I have worked extremely hard and devoted adequate time to this course. EvenRead MoreGraduation Speech : An English Student Here At Chaffey College951 Words   |  4 PagesChaffey College, I can say Ms. Ford s class was the right fit for me. She warned us early on that her class would not be for everyone. For myself, I can say she has taught me a lot throughout the course of English 475. Her love for teaching shows and has helped me through my journey of earn my â€Å"A† in her class. Every day we learned something new that is what made it important for me to attend class every day. During this time, I have worked extremely hard and devoted adequate time to this course. EvenRead MoreMotivation For Social Service And / Or So cial Change, Social Work Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom the staff. I feel all students will complete a program with support and guidance like the University of Tennessee has offered me. The people who graduated from there have shown respect, desire, and love for the school as well as their degree they earned. It is an amazing thing to see. I am excited to join the team. Also, in my past there has been instances that have drawn me to the field of social work. I have had a few family members who have had several different issues dealing with drugsRead MoreMy Teaching : Teaching, And More Effective Collaboration With My Peers764 Words   |  4 Pageswill discuss how my teaching will change as a result of this course. There are five areas of interest that I found will elevate my teaching skills. I will briefly describe them as structure, groupings, instructional strategies, the concept of linking assessment with teaching, and more effective collaboration with my peers. The concept of differentiated learning is appealing to me and while going through my internship, I experienced a differentiated kindergarten class. Children worked in differentRead MoreThe A Company Truly Stands Behind. Bunn Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesBeverage Equipment division in the late 1950’s. This division broke off and was incorporated as its own entity in 1963. Today, BUNN is still privately held and is run by Arthur â€Å"Hy† Bunn, George Bunn’s son, who is the the CEO and President. Hy Bunn has held these positions since 1988. BUNN’s product portfolio includes espresso, tea, juice, filtered water and many other specialty beverages. BUNN is currently a global company and they are still growing. I had the opportunity to work as an accounting

Perl String uc() Function - Quick Tutorial

$STRING uc($STRING); Perls uc() function takes a string, makes the entire thing uppercase, and then returns the new string. $myWord word; $myUpperWord uc($myWord); First, $myWord is set to a value of word, then the uc() function is run on $myWord. The uc() function takes the entire string $myWord and converts it to its uppercase equivalent. The value of $myUpperWord is then equal to WORD.

Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 - 983 Words

Running Head: Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 Michelle C. Nelson Strayer University: Human Resource Management - BUS310002016*201004 Instructor: Carol G. Durst-Wertheim, Ph.D. Abstract The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 is an amendment to the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces the Pregnancy Discrimination Act. Under the act, an employer cannot lawfully refuse to hire a woman if she is pregnant unless her condition makes it impossible for her to perform the major functions of the position. I think this amendment was a great achievement for all woman trying to show they are equals to men, while still trying to†¦show more content†¦An employee cannot be forced to take pregnancy leave if they are still willing and able to work. An employee must be provided the same level of medical benefits, disability insurance and leave as are offered for other medical conditions or disabilities. A male employee is entitled to health insurance coverage for his wife s pregnancy related conditions if a female employee s husband has comprehensive health insurance coverage. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act does not require preferential treatment for pregnant employees. Rather, it mandates that employers treat pregnant employees the same as non-pregnant employees who are similarly situated with respect to their ability to work. The PDA expands the definition of sex in Title VII as follows: The terms because of sex or on the basis of sex include but are not limited to, because of or on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions ; and women affected by pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions shall be treated the same for all employment related purposes, including the receipt of benefits under fringe benefit programs, as other persons not so affected but similar in their ability or inability to work. (EEOC) Pregnancy discrimination is still occurring today. The Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) received 6,196 charges of pregnancy-based discrimination in 2009. This is a significant increaseShow MoreRelatedWomen Of The Civil Rights Act Of 19641481 Words   |  6 PagesRights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C.  §Ã‚ § 2000e et seq. (Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964) This act is very well-known, prohibiting harassment in the workplace and discrimination. A few years later, on October 31, 1978, President Jimmy Carter signed the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, an amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, into effect. Prohibiting sex discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions. (Occupational Safety Health Guide Series Discrimination LawRead MorePregnancy Discrimination Act Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pagesdifficult for families based on a single income. This economic need along with modern attitudes toward gender equality has resulted in women being represented in the workforce in greater numbers. However, until the 1960’s women faced severe discrimination when trying to enter and maintain a position in the workforce. Often qualified women would be passed over for men with less experience and education. Employers were fearful that women were too emotional and were not equipped to handle theRead MoreEqual Opportunity Laws Title Vii Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesVII The first aspect of Human Resource that will be addressed is equal opportunity and the laws that go along with it. There were several equal opportunity laws enacted from 1964 to 1991. 2 The first of these was Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act which states that â€Å"an employer cannot discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national original with respect to employment† (Dessler, 2013). 3 Title VII applies to employers with 15 or more employees, including state and local governmentsRead MoreEqual Employment Opp ortunity and Employee Rights Review Paper1352 Words   |  6 PagesTo prohibit discrimination, the United States has governed laws that protect the citizens from all types of discriminations. This allows organizations to focus on promoting employment based on a person’s abilities. The two laws chosen for review are the Pregnancy Act of 1978 and Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. We will also discuss Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988. Provide a General summary of each Law The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, was an amendmentRead MoreTimeline of Gendered Movements Essay776 Words   |  4 Pages1923. (Skirble, 2010) We now move on to 1963, when Congress passes the Equal Pay Act, promising equitable wages for the same work regardless of sex, race, religion or national origin. (eSorrtment, 2011) Women have fought for many years to be treated and respected as equals to males in the workplace, and this is a huge milestone. In 1964, the Civil Rights Act was passed forbidding discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race in hiring, promoting, and firing. It took some time,Read MorePregnancy Discrimination Essay543 Words   |  3 PagesPregnancy Discrimination There are many issues to consider in pregnancy discrimination. The well-being of the child, the well-being of the mother, employer/employee relations, as well as gender issues. There are however several State and Federal laws that protect people against pregnancy discrimination. Two of the Federal laws are the Pregnancy Discrimination Act and the Family and Medical Leave Act. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act was an amendment to title VIIRead MoreDiscrimination In The Workplace Essay1565 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination is a topic that has been around for a very long time. Most people today do not realize how discrimination affects everyone around them and might even happen to them from time to time. â€Å"Discrimination means treating a person unfairly because of who they are or because they possess certain characteristics such as age, gender, race, disability, religion, pregnancy and maternity, sexual orientation, gender reassignment, and marriage and civil partnership† (EOC 2017). There are many typesRead MoreEthical Behavior Can Be Defined As Business Principals Essay1178 Words   |  5 Pagesfalsifying reports, stealing, poor working environments, illegal trading and employee discrimination. With the growing number of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) complaints, this analysis will focus on pregnancy discrimination. In 2007, Peggy Young filed a lawsuit against United Parcel Service, Inc. (UPS) alleging her unfair treatment due to her pregnancy is in violation of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act 1978 (PDA), Young states that UPS refusing to accommodate her lifting restrictionsRead MoreDevry University s Strategy And Culture1011 Words   |  5 Pagesand avoid vulnerability to lawsuits. Laws such as but not limited to Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, and Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 are all laws that DeVry University both recognizes and complies with during the recruiting, and hiring process. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 prohibits age discrimination for those who are over the age of 40. DeVry complies with this law, and neverRead MoreLegal Issues In Reduction Of Workforce Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesemployment status. Nora Manson Nora Manson: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was aimed at helping the integration of African Americans into the workforce mainstream. Title VII prohibits discriminatory employment practices based on race or color that involve recruiting, hiring, and promotion of employees (Reed et al, 2005). Manson is the only African American in the group being considered. Therefore, she might have a lawsuit based on the 1964 Act. If she’s fired, she can claim that she was discriminated

Police Officers And The Civil Libertarian And Economics...

According to this perspective, disproportionate searches of racial minorities are justified if hit rates are equal across races or if some other measure of â€Å"efficient policing† is achieved. Although proponents of these two approaches disagree with one another as to whether racial disparities in search rates are morally or legally acceptable, their analyses suffer from similar shortcomings. In particular, both the civil libertarian and the economics approaches assume intentional or purposeful discrimination by police offers. Although data from around the country suggest that racial minorities are often searched at a disproportionately higher rate than Whites, there is little empirical evidence that those disparities are the result of malice or purposeful profiling. We instead begin with the assumption—based on considerable empirical evidence—that the factors influencing police officers’ decisions are complex (Black 1980; Goldstein 1977; Reiss 1984; Wil son 1973). In the present research context, therefore, it is implausible that race is the sole factor that causes police officers to search motorists. To be sure, the recognition of the â€Å"multivariate† nature of police officers’ decisions to search has yet to be met by concurrent multivariate empirical models of such behavior. Indeed, incidents of searches are complex events that cannot be understood through simple univariate frequency statistics and/or bivariate relationships. The Supreme Court itself often adopts aShow MoreRelatedPublic Policy Essay3740 Words   |  15 Pagesthe legal definition of sex offenses and sex offenders, and established Project Safe Childhood program within the U.S. Department of Justice, Project Safe Childhood includes grants to states to help combat Internet predators as well as to help fund civil commitments, and aims to coordinate federal, state and local efforts to vigorously investigate and prosecute crimes against children, inclu ding sexual assault, child pornography, and kidnapping. (Brown, 2009) Since the mid 1990’s, sex offenders policyRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security2852 Words   |  12 Pagescontains accusations of violating civil liberties (Perl 2004). Just one month after the attack, legislations were introduced to create this Department of Homeland Security. DHS was born in the wake of anti-terrorism focus, in which much attention was diverted to the formation of a new National Threat Advisory system. The system applied colour coded level in expressing the state of security, whereby green signified low threat while red signified severe threats. Many DHS officers were given the responsibilityRead MoreBusiness Ethics Test Questions with Answers Essay22425 Words   |  90 Pages c. They serve as intermediaries between market participants. d. They are not responsible for ensuring conformance to fairness in the marketplace. Answer: c 17.  Which of the following rely on gatekeepers for fair and effective functioning of economic markets? a.  Bankers b.  Auditors c.  Accountants d.  Financial analysts Answer: a 18. The function of auditors as gatekeepers is to:   a.  verify a company’s financial statements so that investors’ decisions are free from fraud and deception. Read MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pagesï » ¿TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR NSL READING CHAPTER 1: National Security Law and the Role of Tipson 1 CHAPTER 2: Theoretical approaches to national security world order 4 CHAPTER 3: Development of the International Law of Conflict Management 5 CHAPTER 4: The Use of Force in International Relations: Norms Concerning the Initiation of Coercion (JNM) 7 CHAPTER 5: Institutional Modes of Conflict Management 17 The United Nations System 17 Proposals for Strengthening Management Institutional ModesRead MoreUK - Analysis Report31935 Words   |  128 PagesCOUNTRY ANALYSIS REPORT United Kingdom In-depth PESTLE Insights Publication Date: May 2010 OVERVIEW Catalyst This profile analyzes the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental structure in the United Kingdom. Each of the PESTLE factors is explored on four parameters: current strengths, current challenges, future prospects and future risks. Summary Key findings Strong democratic system, but the threat from terrorism continues to be high The UK adheres to aRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagessocioeconomic circumstances and dynamics rather than standard but arbitrary chronological break points. In the decades that followed the Great War, the victorious European powers appeared to have restored, even expanded, their global political and economic preeminence only to see it eclipsed by the emergence of the Soviet and U.S. superpowers on their periphery and a second round of even more devastating global conflict. The bifurcated international system that resulted from the cold war standoffRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesbetween teaching and evaluation; in addition to teaching, he is the assessment facilitator for the Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Community Schools. In his spare time he enjoys reading and hiking. He and his wife have a daughter, Anna, who is a graduate student in Civil Engineering at Cal Tech. JAY DEVORE earned his undergraduate degree in Engineering Science from the University of California at Berkeley, spent a year at the University of Shefï ¬ eld in England, and ï ¬ nished his Ph.D. in statistics at Stanford University

Legal And Professional Issues in Nursing

Question: Discuss about theLegal And Professional Issues in Nursing. Answer: 1. As per details of Marion case and observed conflict the treatment team should respond in a diplomatic manner because the case requires analysis on legal as well as the ethical dilemma. In the provided case scenario, the legal and ethical considerations typically favour towards the medical priority to save the life of the mother or living individual. Further, the availability of Advance Care Directive indicating Marion desire of not taking treatment in these circumstances clearly designates that medical professionals need to follow the directions of Marions parents (Griffith and Tengnah, 2014). Kalaitzidis and Schmitz (2012) indicated that in the absence of advance directive the decision or viewpoint of the vulnerable spouse is taken into under consideration to make a medical decision, but the availability of advance care directive the indications in the living will is required to be followed by medical professionals. Further, Kluge (2011) studied that moral personhood also support considering mother as an individual person prior to foetuses. The unborn foetus is subordinate of pregnant women. in provided case scenario, the advance care directive of Marion works as an informed consent where her viewpoint and health requirements are clearly mentioned. Therefore, the healthcare professional needs to follow the directions of Marion parents considering the welfare of both mother and foetus. However, Suhonen et al. (2011) indicated that it is always the priority to save the mother unless it is not possible, then the priority is to save the child too. The ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence generally conflict in such situation. Therefore, in the present situation as Marion is possible in the critical stage of life, therefore, in this complex situation the healthcare professional has option to save child where it is impossible to save Marion. 2. In the present case scenario, MO can respond to Jess by providing her with other treatment option available for her aggressive malignancy rather than chemotherapy because Jess made a refusal to chemotherapy in front of her parents. Further, the Advance Care Directive provided by Jess is not valid because She is not an adult yet. Jess is only 15 years by age, therefore, her ACD is not a valid one. However, her viewpoint regarding her treatment option is correct as rejected multiple blood transfusion by her parents basically to support their religious beliefs is not a valid decision (Butts and Rich, 2012). According to Austin (2012), medical health professional needs to respect human dignity as well as autonomy to provide healthcare services in an effective manner. In this case scenario, a conflict arises between the autonomy of Jess where she persists individual right to choose treatment for her welfare and human dignity of her parents religious beliefs. However, Jess refusal of chemotherapy in front of her parents is not a valid and proper decision. This decision created a controversial situation regarding her treatment. Further, as the Advanced Care Directive of Jess is not a valid one as per legal rules, therefore, Tom can never act on her behalf, as she is not an adult. Tom cant even order or permit blood transfusion on behalf of Jess because Jess is in the complete conscious state of mind. Jess herself need to take a decision regarding her treatment option along with her parents consent. Tom on behalf of Jess, can make no healthcare decision. 3. In the provided case scenario, the treatment refusal provided by Kerry is not a valid refusal and can never be considered appropriate to stop her treatment process. Any advanced directive or living will or legal considerations do not support this refusal of Kerry Catel. In the manner to support her decision and fulfilment of her wishes, Kerry needs to get an Advanced Care Directive developed for her. Marianna (2011) indicated that decision-making capacity gets weakened with increasing age, therefore, in elder ages if the patient is facing critical illness or having end-of-life care they should properly get an advanced care directive developed for themselves to compensate their willingness to continue or terminate treatment. Further, for getting her wishes upheld, Kerry needs to develop a proper decision regarding her care requirements, discuss her treatment preference with her family members, formally informing and appointing enduring guardian or decision-maker and lastly, develop her advance care directive for fulfilling her wish of terminating her treatment (Burkhardt and Nathaniel, 2013). According to Austin (2012), the end-of-life and critical care decision are most effective if they are based on overall viewpoint and acceptance by care providers, patients and their families. 4. In the provided case scenario, the request of Dr. Ron getting video shut performed of surgery is not a reasonable request. This request harnesses the patient confidentiality, human dignity and respect for autonomy. Further, this act is completely against the legal consideration that supports patient rights, privacy and confidentiality. As per medical ethics, it is not applicable to capture the surgical processes just for the personal pleasure, social entertainment or personal desire without patient consent (Burkhardt and Nathaniel, 2013). However, Marianna (2011) stated that even with the informed patient consent the act of shutting for personal pleasure in clinical premises is not an acceptable action in the healthcare profession. Jane should have simply rejected or stopped or performed whistleblowing in response to this request of her senior orthopaedic surgeon, Dr Ron Practice. To justify her ethical consideration of beneficence, Jane should have rejected this request of her senior that is also supported by her legal obligation duty of care. As the conduct was unethical as well as illegal, Jane should have filled complain against her senior either in form of whistleblowing or reporting her supervisor. Jess didnt act appropriately because it is not ethically and legally valid to access the personal details of the patient. Kalaitzidis and Schmitz (2012) indicated that both statute and common law state that every healthcare professional needs to respect patient privacy, confidentiality and rights. By accessing the electronic data of patient Tony without any specific reason Jess has disrespected her ethical as well as legal obligations. Marianna (2011) stated that disclosure of patient information without any clinical or justified reason can also result in termination and offensive allegation. Therefore, the action of Jess accessing patient information for personal interest is surely an inappropriate action as a medical professional. References Books Burkhardt, M. A., and Nathaniel, A. 2013.Ethics and issues in contemporary nursing. Boston: Cengage Learning. Butts, J. B., and Rich, K. L. 2012.Nursing ethics. Burlington: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Griffith, R., and Tengnah, C. 2014.Law and professional issues in nursing. United Kingdom: Learning Matters. Journals Austin, W., 2012, March. Moral distress and the contemporary plight of health professionals. InHEC forum(Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 27-38). Springer Netherlands. Huang, C. C., You, C. S., and Tsai, M. T. 2012. A multidimensional analysis of ethical climate, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors.Nursing Ethics,19(4), pp. 513-529. Kalaitzidis, E. and Schmitz, K., 2012. A study of an ethics education topic for undergraduate nursing students.Nurse education today,32(1), pp.111-115. Kluge, E.H.W., 2011. Ethical and legal challenges for health telematics in a global world: telehealth and the technological imperative.International Journal of Medical Informatics,80(2), pp.e1-e5. Marianna, M., 2011. What are the major ethical issues in conducting research? Is there a conflict between the research ethics and the nature of nursing?.Health Science Journal. 23. Suhonen, R., Stolt, M., Virtanen, H. and Leino-Kilpi, H., 2011. Organizational ethics: a literature review.Nursing ethics,18(3), pp.285-303.

Change and Project Management

Question: Discuss about the Change and Project Management. Answer: Introduction This paper briefly discusses the importance and approach to development of a project management plan for the management. The management in consideration has not used project management methodologies in the past and thus, this document is being prepared to provide them an understanding of project management practices and give them an insights into the importance and potential of preparing project management planning documents such as project charter. The report explains the importance of project charter and how each element of the same can be useful for management is being explained. Project Charter is defined as the formal document that lists the components of the project in terms of its objective, scope and overview. The approval of this document authorizes the Project leader and the Project Manager to begin the project. It is a formal confirmation of authorization that is documented accurately. A document change control is also often included in the document which compiles the change history and change control of the charter document. Sections of project charter A typical project charter would contain following sections in it: Table 1: Project Charter Introduction Project Overview Justification Need of the Project Strategic Alignment/Fit Scope Project Objectives High Level Requirements Major Deliverables Boundaries Project Duration Timeline Executive Milestones Budget Estimate Funding Source Estimate High Level Analysis or Alternatives Assumptions, Constraints and Risks Assumptions, Constraints and Risks Project Organization Roles and Responsibilities Stakeholders (Internal and External) Each of these areas included in the project charter can be of assistance to the project team and project manager in executing the project smoothly is mentioned below: Project or product overview: In this part, a brief description of project or any associated product is included. This would provide the management a high level of understanding of the project including major activities, time required for completion and the allotted budget. This description of the project would also answer questions like who would be responsible for what activities? When and where are these activities to be completed? What is the estimated duration in which the project can be completed? What would be the short terms and long term objectives of the project? The project overview would also give some illustration of how the goals of the project are aligned with the strategic goals of the business(CIO, 1997). Scope: In the scope, objectives of project, its high level requirements, major deliverables, and project boundaries stating what is in scope and what is not in scope would be mentioned. Objectives can include both business and technical perspectives as well as the expected results like product outcome or project accomplishments. The high level objectives defined in the scope can further be explored in great depth after the high level requirements are approved by the project sponsor(Bright Hub Media, 2015). Project Organization: This section defines internal and external stakeholders of the company, their expectations, and roles and responsibilities of the members of the team. This would help management record the expectations stakeholders have from the project. As these are the most important people for any project and the objective of any project always remains to satisfy them, this could serve as a guide for the project to achieve success(CDC, 2006). Duration: The major milestones and timelines of the project are defined in this section. This would help management understand the expected time a project is going to take to complete and what significant achievements can be seen in that duration. This would thus help a project manager keep a tab on the project progress so as to understand if it is going as per the expectations from the plan(Caltrans, 2007). The duration includes the start and end date of the project along with the duration of each activity that will be involved in the project. Budget estimate: This section, sources of funding are briefed along with the estimated budget required for completion of the entire project. The expenses incurred during the project progress should not exceed this budget any time(The Saylor Foundation , 2014). Assumptions: There can be certain assumptions made before a project charter can be created and these are recorded here. Assumption can be some fact that is accepted as true without any formal furnishing of proof. These assumptions would be particularly helpful to the sponsor while taking decisions on the budget to be allotted(Creasey, 2007). Constraints: A project may have certain internal and external limitations that can be presented in this section. These constraints can actually affect the performance of a project and thus, are important to understand. These constraints would be helpful to the sponsor while taking decisions on the budget to be allotted(CDC, 2006). Risks: In this section, high level risks that can possibly occur on the project are included and possible mitigation plan in case these occur. A risk is any incidence or event that can occur unexpectedly during the project can its occurrence can affect the project positively or negatively. These risks are also important to consider for the sponsor while taking decisions on the budget to be allotted(CIO, 1997). Risk estimation and mitigation may also be included in the charter document that would cover the risk ranking, risk level, impact, consequences and the steps to mitigate the same. These will aid in the success of the project and to come up with an alternative and rectification to save the project from deviating from its regular path. There are some best practices of development of a project charter that may be followed for the current project such that most benefits may be received from the charter. These include: A project manager may be assigned at the very beginning of the project such that he or she is made the part of the planning process such that he or she can ensure smooth functioning of the project thereafter knowing every aspect and challenges from the start. A Project charter must allow for an open collaboration between different members of a project team by documenting details of requirements, expectations from them and commitments required from them for the project progress. The requirements of the customers of the project or product that is being created should be clearly stated along with priorities for different requirements on the project. This would help a project manager make a plan in a sequence that provides deliverables as expected by the customers(CDC, 2006). Importance of Project Charter in Success of the Project As per PMBOK guide, a project charter is a document that formally authorizes a project. The charter is prepared by Project manager and approved by the Sponsor of project such that when it gets approved, the project manager can obtain required resources and begin working on the project. A Project charter typically includes information on business need for project, stakeholder requirements, key success factors or criteria, project scope, project assumptions and constraints. When a project charter is prepared, it not only marks the beginning of a project but also assures certain level of commitment and support from project sponsors and team members. Moreover, with project charter, there would be clarity on what the needs of stakeholders are and what specific outcomes can be expected from the project. The charter also keeps a control over project scope that does not exceed beyond the project viability and thus, prevent scope creep. Besides objectives and scope, a project charter would al so brief the benefits that would be achieved through the project( Bentley Systems, Incorporated, 2013). There are a number of benefits that a Project Charter brings with itself and the same is important for the organization. The Project Charter clearly specifies the objectives that are associated with the project. The answers to the questions such as what is going and what has to be achieved are given in this document. One of the major risks that are associated with almost every project is in terms of the scope. There are often scenarios wherein the scope of the project is not clearly understood by the team and the same causes schedule or budget overrun during the project phase. Project Charter document provides a solution to this issue by clearly defining the in scope and out of scope items. Project timeline highlights are also included in the Project Charter. It includes the activities that will be covered in the project and the resources that will execute the same. It acts as a guideline for the project and the adherence to the schedule defined in the timeline is maintained. Roles and responsibilities are defined in the Project Charter document. It provides clarity to the resources in terms of the tasks that they must complete to ensure the success of the project. There are a number of project development and management methodologies that are present. The Project Charter document covers the project approach by defining the functional as well as the technical approach to be followed. It is therefore essential for the project to have the Project Charter document prepared with utmost attention and perfection. A project goes through a number of changes during its timeline. These changes may be insignificant to extremely significant for the project and the same must be managed well. A change control process is briefly included in the Project Charter document by the creators to make sure that the changes are controlled and managed in an organized manner. A Project Charter document thus covers some of the basic and very essential details that are associated with the project in formation of a strong base. It is very important for the projects to have this documented created with attention to ensure that there are no loopholes and faults present in the same. The importance that the Project Charter brings with itself for the project is that all of the stakeholders associated with the project formally come to a consensus in terms of the project definition. The same is recorded in the documents to refer in the future scenarios which minimize the problem of scope creeps and inflation in the requirements at a later stage. The project charter document also involves the customer in the project right from the initiation phase. The best practice for the Project Manager is to involve the customer directly. However, direct or indirect involvement of the customer during the creation of this document, the acceptance and commitment is shown with the help of the same. It helps in achieving a basic bond of trust between the project team, project management and the customer associated with the project. There may be two broad scenarios associated with the Project Charter preparation. In the scenario one, the customer may be directly involves with the prep aration procedure by giving his/her comments and feedback all throughout. In the second scenario, the customer may not be directly involved and the project charter may entirely be developed by the project team. The charter provides a mechanism of formal revision process in the later stage to involve the customer as it remains open for modification and negotiation unless the same is finally approved by the Project Owner and Sponsor. Earlier, this methodology was adopted in a few categories of projects only such as the one related to the Construction industry. It helped such projects to maintain an accurate level of authorization and contributed in the success factors of the project. Negotiations in such projects were made through formal process between the contractors and customers. The same approach is now being applied in all the sectors which have helped to streamline the processes and the required changes right from the beginning. It has been recorded that the projects that do not follow the chartering procedure and maintain a discipline right from the initiation phase often lead to failure of the entire system or the management processes. Thus, it is essential for the organizations to bring about a change and follow a defined principle and methodology in the project through Project Charter and the associated activities. Another importance of the Project Charter lies in the fact that the projects get started on or before the scheduled time which aids in the successful completion of the project as per the deadlines. The customers get involved in the scope definition processes and are bound to put forward their list of changes in the same. The changes are timely incorporated in the charter document and the related activities are kicked off in time to make sure that the timeline is followed at all times. The project charter has two other critical purposes, also. To begin with, the way toward building up the charter is as essential as the archive itself. The charter advancement procedure is an amazing open door coming as it does at the most punctual phase of a project to include the new group in cooperation, which prompts the improvement of a genuine group. What's more, due to their immediate association in the chartering procedure, the colleagues start to take responsibility for project. So the chartering procedure manufactures a genuine group and to fabricate responsibility to the project. There are different approaches that are followed to develop the charter document and the best practice is to start from the scratch with the involvement of all stakeholders together. It helps in brainstorming activities and also helps in making the choice of the best idea out of all. The collaboration and cooperation between the stakeholders also increases and the overall team spirit is improved. There are projects that run for months or even many-many years. The workforce that starts the project may not stay till the project completion. New resources join the team and the project charter document serves as an excellent way to make these resources understand the basics of the project in terms of objectives, purpose and scope. It results in better understanding along with reduced time and effort to train the new resources. Project Sponsor and Project Owner also achieve a sense of assurance with the charter document as they get to see the on-paper presentation of their project requirements. The scopes as well as the objectives are clearly defined in the charter document and the changes or modifications are suggested by the party that has to approve the same. The final charter document is then created and approved by the Project Sponsor. Value added by the Project Charter A project charter adds a lot of value to the project and for the organization as whole. First and foremost is that it adds to the project repository that is maintained by an organization. Every organization deals with a specific domain or category of projects and there are chances that two projects are very similar in terms of approach and methodology to be followed. The project charter documents of the projects completed by the organization in the past act as a referral for the new ones to be completed by the organization. The project teams may look through the repository to find out the best practices to be followed in the project and also to understand the preferred template for the document. Another point of value that the Project Charter document add is in terms of the customer involvement, commitment and trust that is developed with the help of this phase of the project. Project team and the customers interact with each other a lot many times during the creation of the charter document. The process helps in understanding of the requirements of each other and also develops a healthy association between the two parties. It contributes in the healthier work environment and also helps in the success of the project as a whole. Resource satisfaction is also necessary for the project and for an organization as well. If the resources remain unhappy or dissatisfied, the same is reflected in the productivity and efficiency rendered by them. Project charter document clearly highlights the roles and responsibilities of the resources after analysis of their skills. It helps in the assignment of the duties as per the skill set of the employees and also aids in attaining the employee satisfaction. Accurate chartering also helps in start of the project on the scheduled time. The same leads to completion of the project as per the deadlines that are decided in the beginning. The reputation of the project team within the organization and the reputation of the organization in the market thus improve through the process. The success rate of any organization is calculated by the number of projects that are successfully completed by the same and the base of it begins with the chartering procedure. The value that the project charter adds is also significant in terms of the guidelines as defined by the project management methodology such as PMBOK and PRINCE2. It aids in the achievement of the best practices as defined by the principles. Conclusions and Recommendations This report explained the importance of using project management practice including specific processes and documentation that may be used by the intended management to improve their project management practices. The project covered four important elements of project management when incorporated in practice on the project. These included project charter, sections of the project charter, importance of project charter to the success and the value added by the same. This project report explained the importance of each and how the same may be prepared and be used by management for gaining strategic and business benefits for the project. It was found that project charter was beneficial mainly for the project sponsor for taking decisions on funding and for stakeholders to understand what they can expect from the project in terms of deliverables, benefits, timelines for completion and approach to project management. A project charter marks the beginning of the project officially. Certain benefits of preparing project charter include commitment and support from sponsors for provision of resources as and when required, clarification of needs of the project stakeholders, understanding of the potential benefits to be received from the project and capability to establish a control over project scope such that problems like scope creep are not faced. Following are the recommendations that include the points and guidelines for writing a detailed and ac accurate Project Charter. The Project Charter must begin with the Authorization that must specify the name of the project, authorizing body and an extremely brief description of the project. The next section should involve a detailed overview of the project along with its goals and scope. The goals of the project must be SMART that is Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time bound. The scope statement must clearly list the activities that will be covered during the project and the ones that will not be covered during the project timeline. A concise description of the deliverables, milestones and their due details must be included as a next step. Business need of the project and the opportunity that the project brings must also be covered in a well written Project Charter. Roles and responsibilities of the resources along with their description is an important part of the charter document. All of the resources that will be involved from top level managers to the bottom level workers and their allocated activities and responsibilities must be stated in the charter document. Time and budget summary covering the project start date, project end date, allocated budget and the highlights of the same must also be covered in the charter document. Project charter aligns and streamlines the expectations of one and all that lies on the scope, methodology, defining, budget, timeline, risk estimation and likewise. There are more elaborated versions of the charters that also include the mitigation strategy that must be followed in the occurrence of a risk during the project timeline. Such charters aid in the resolution of the problems that may arise and contribute a lot in the project success. References Bentley Systems, Incorporated, 2013. 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